EID MUBARAK

Eid Mubarak

Causes of Diabetes- Genetics (Heredity)

A reference to the familial nature of diabetes can be found in ancient medical texts too. Of the total diabetics, more than 46 per cent give a family history of the disease.
There are varied opinions about how parents pass on this disease to their children. But none has been able to fully explain how heredity actually acts.
Till recent past, it was believed that the hereditary character of diabetes follows the principles of renowned geneticist Mendell, i.e.,
(1) If both the parents are diabetics, all their children get the disease,
(2) If one of the parents is a diabetic and another is a diabetes-carrier (one who does not have the disease, but can transmit it), half the number of their children get the disease,
(3) If both the parents are diabetes-carriers, one fourth the number of their children get the disease and
(4) If one of the parent is a diabetic and other is healthy, their children remain free from diabetes.
Some researchers believe that diabetes develops not because the person has inherited defective chromosome from his parents but because he has not received that chromosome from his parents, which imparts resistance to this disease.
In short, it can be said that even though hereditary factors do play a role in the development of diabetes, to what extent and in what way these factors act is still a mystery.
It can be said that hereditary factors can become effective only when certain other exciting environmental factors like obesity, faulty dietary habits and inadequate physical exertion are at work

Diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic (lifelong) disease marked by high levels of sugar in the blood.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to control blood sugar. Diabetes can be caused by too little insulin, resistance to insulin, or both.
To understand diabetes, it is important to first understand the normal process by which food is broken down and used by the body for energy. Several things happen when food is digested:
• A sugar called glucose enters the bloodstream. Glucose is a source of fuel for the body.
• An organ called the pancreas makes insulin. The role of insulin is to move glucose from the bloodstream into muscle, fat, and liver cells, where it can be used as fuel.

People with diabetes have high blood sugar. This is because:
• Their pancreas does not make enough insulin
• Their muscle, fat, and liver cells do not respond to insulin normally
• Both of the above

There are three major types of diabetes:
• Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in childhood. Many patients are diagnosed when they are older than age 20. In this disease, the body makes little or no insulin. Daily injections of insulin are needed. The exact cause is unknown. Genetics, viruses, and autoimmune problems may play a role.
• Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1. It makes up most of diabetes cases. It usually occurs in adulthood, but young people are increasingly being diagnosed with this disease. The pancreas does not make enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels normal, often because the body does not respond well to insulin. Many people with type 2 diabetes do not know they have it, although it is a serious condition. Type 2 diabetes is becoming more common due to increasing obesity and failure to exercise.
• Gestational diabetes is high blood glucose that develops at any time during pregnancy in a woman who does not have diabetes. Women who have gestational diabetes are at high risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life.
Diabetes affects more than 20 million Americans. Over 40 million Americans have prediabetes (early type 2 diabetes).

There are many risk factors for type 2 diabetes, including:
• Age over 45 years
• A parent, brother, or sister with diabetes
• Gestational diabetes or delivering a baby weighing more than 9 pounds
• Heart disease
• High blood cholesterol level
• Obesity
• Not getting enough exercise
• Polycystic ovary disease (in women)
• Previous impaired glucose tolerance
• Some ethnic groups (particularly African Americans, Native Americans, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Hispanic Americans)

Symptoms
High blood levels of glucose can cause several problems, including:
• Blurry vision
• Excessive thirst
• Fatigue
• Frequent urination
• Hunger
• Weight loss

However, because type 2 diabetes develops slowly, some people with high blood sugar experience no symptoms at all.

Symptoms of type 1 diabetes:
• Fatigue
• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Weight loss in spite of increased appetite

Patients with type 1 diabetes usually develop symptoms over a short period of time. The condition is often diagnosed in an emergency setting.

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes:
• Blurred vision
• Fatigue
• Increased appetite
• Increased thirst
• Increased urination

Signs and tests
A urine analysis may be used to look for glucose and ketones from the breakdown of fat. However, a urine test alone does not diagnose diabetes.
The following blood tests are used to diagnose diabetes:
• Fasting blood glucose level -- diabetes is diagnosed if higher than 126 mg/dL on two occasions. Levels between 100 and 126 mg/dL are referred to as impaired fasting glucose or prediabetes. These levels are considered to be risk factors for type 2 diabetes and its complications.
• Oral glucose tolerance test -- diabetes is diagnosed if glucose level is higher than 200 mg/dL after 2 hours. (This test is used more for type 2 diabetes.)
• Random (non-fasting) blood glucose level -- diabetes is suspected if higher than 200 mg/dL and accompanied by the classic diabetes symptoms of increased thirst, urination, and fatigue. (This test must be confirmed with a fasting blood glucose test.)
Persons with diabetes need to have their hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level checked every 3 - 6 months. The HbA1c is a measure of average blood glucose during the previous 2 - 3 months. It is a very helpful way to determine how well treatment is working.


Treatment



The immediate goals are to treat diabetic ketoacidosis and high blood glucose levels. Because type 1 diabetes can start suddenly and have severe symptoms, people who are newly diagnosed may need to go to the hospital.
The long-term goals of treatment are to:
• Prolong life
• Reduce symptoms
• Prevent diabetes-related complications such as blindness, heart disease, kidney failure, and amputation of limbs

These goals are accomplished through:
• Blood pressure and cholesterol control
• Careful self testing of blood glucose levels
• Education
• Exercise
• Foot care
• Meal planning and weight control
• Medication or insulin use

There is no cure for diabetes. Treatment involves medicines, diet, and exercise to control blood sugar and prevent symptoms.


LEARN THESE SKILLS
Basic diabetes management skills will help prevent the need for emergency care. These skills include:
• How to recognize and treat low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and high blood sugar (hyperglycemia)
• What to eat and when
• How to take insulin or oral medication
• How to test and record blood glucose
• How to test urine for ketones (type 1 diabetes only)
• How to adjust insulin or food intake when changing exercise and eating habits
• How to handle sick days
• Where to buy diabetes supplies and how to store them

After you learn the basics of diabetes care, learn how the disease can cause long-term health problems and the best ways to prevent these problems. Review and update your knowledge, because new research and improved ways to treat diabetes are constantly being developed.


SELF-TESTING
If you have diabetes, your doctor may tell you to regularly check your blood sugar levels at home. There are a number of devices available, and they use only a drop of blood. Self-monitoring tells you how well diet, medication, and exercise are working together to control your diabetes. It can help your doctor prevent complications.
The American Diabetes Association recommends keeping blood sugar levels in the range of:
• 80 - 120 mg/dL before meals
• 100 - 140 mg/dL at bedtime
Your doctor may adjust this depending on your circumstances.


WHAT TO EAT
You should work closely with your health care provider to learn how much fat, protein, and carbohydrates you need in your diet. A registered dietician can help you plan your dietary needs.
People with type 1 diabetes should eat at about the same times each day and try to be consistent with the types of food they choose. This helps to prevent blood sugar from becoming extremely high or low.
People with type 2 diabetes should follow a well-balanced and low-fat diet.
See: Diabetes diet

HOW TO TAKE MEDICATION
Medications to treat diabetes include insulin and glucose-lowering pills called oral hypoglycemic drugs.
People with type 1 diabetes cannot make their own insulin. They need daily insulin injections. Insulin does not come in pill form. Injections are generally needed one to four times per day. Some people use an insulin pump. It is worn at all times and delivers a steady flow of insulin throughout the day. Other people may use inhaled insulin. See also: Type 1 diabetes
Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes may respond to treatment with exercise, diet, and medicines taken by mouth. There are several types of medicines used to lower blood glucose in type 2 diabetes. See also: Type 2 diabetes
Medications may be switched to insulin during pregnancy and while breastfeeding.
Gestational diabetes may be treated with exercise and changes in diet.

EXERCISE
Regular exercise is especially important for people with diabetes. It helps with blood sugar control, weight loss, and high blood pressure. People with diabetes who exercise are less likely to experience a heart attack or stroke than those who do not exercise regularly.
Here are some exercise considerations:
• Always check with your doctor before starting a new exercise program.
• Ask your doctor or nurse if you have the right footwear.
• Choose an enjoyable physical activity that is appropriate for your current fitness level.
• Exercise every day, and at the same time of day, if possible.
• Monitor blood glucose levels before and after exercise.
• Carry food that contains a fast-acting carbohydrate in case you become hypoglycemic during or after exercise.
• Carry a diabetes identification card and a cell phone in case of emergency.
• Drink extra fluids that do not contain sugar before, during, and after exercise.

You may need to change your diet or medication dose if you change your exercise intensity or duration to keep blood sugar levels from going too high or low.


FOOT CARE
People with diabetes are more likely to have foot problems. Diabetes can damage blood vessels and nerves and decrease the body's ability to fight infection. You may not notice a foot injury until an infection develops. Death of skin and other tissue can occur.
If left untreated, the affected foot may need to be amputated. Diabetes is the most common condition leading to amputations.
To prevent injury to the feet, check and care for your feet every day.
See: Diabetes foot care
Support Groups
For additional information, see diabetes resources.
Expectations (prognosis)
With good blood glucose and blood pressure control, many of the complications of diabetes can be prevented.
Studies have shown that strict control of blood sugar, cholesterol, and blood pressure levels in persons with diabetes helps reduce the risk of kidney disease, eye disease, nervous system disease, heart attack, and stroke.
Complications

Emergency complications include:
• Diabetic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma
• Diabetic ketoacidosis

Long-term complications include:
• Atherosclerosis
• Coronary artery disease
• Diabetic nephropathy
• Diabetic neuropathy
• Diabetic retinopathy
• Erection problems
• Hyperlipidemia
• Hypertension
• Infections of the skin, female urinary tract, and urinary tract
• Peripheral vascular disease
• Stroke


Calling your health care provider
Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have symptoms of ketoacidosis:
• Abdominal pain
• Deep and rapid breathing
• Increased thirst and urination
• Loss of consciousness
• Nausea
• Sweet-smelling breath

Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have symptoms of extremely low blood sugar (hypoglycemic coma or severe insulin reaction):
• Confusion
• Convulsions or unconsciousness
• Dizziness
• Double vision
• Drowsiness
• Headache
• Lack of coordination
• Weakness


Prevention
Maintaining an ideal body weight and an active lifestyle may prevent type 2 diabetes.
Currently there is no way to prevent type 1 diabetes.
There is no effective screening test for type 1 diabetes in people who don't have symptoms.
Screening for type 2 diabetes and people with no symptoms is recommended for:
• Overweight children who have other risk factors for diabetes starting at age 10 and repeating every 2 years
• Overweight adults (BMI greater than 25) who have other risk factors
• Adults over 45, repeated every 3 years
To prevent complications of diabetes, visit your health care provider or diabetes educator at least four times a year. Talk about any problems you are having.
Regularly have the following tests:
• Have your blood pressure checked every year (blood pressure goals should be 130/80 mm/Hg or lower).
• Have your glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) checked every 6 months if your diabetes is well controlled, otherwise every 3 months.
• Have your cholesterol and triglyceride levels checked yearly (aim for LDL levels below 100 mg/dL).
• Get yearly tests to make sure your kidneys are working well (microalbuminuria and serum creatinine).
• Visit your ophthalmologist (preferably one who specializes in diabetic retinopathy) at least once a year, or more often if you have signs of diabetic retinopathy.
• See the dentist every 6 months for a thorough dental cleaning and exam. Make sure your dentist and hygienist know that you have diabetes.
Make surs and get a flu shot every year in the fall.

Masjithul Haram

Nice picture of Masjithul Haram

Easy.....! Difficult....!

Easy is to get a place is someone's address book.
Difficult is to get a place in someone's heart.
Easy is to judge the mistakes of others
Difficult is to recognize our own mistakes
Easy is to talk without thinking
Difficult is to refrain the tongue
Easy is to hurt someone who loves us.
Difficult is to heal the wound...
Easy is to forgive others
Difficult is to ask for forgiveness
Easy is to set rules.
Difficult is to follow them...
Easy is to dream every night.
Difficult is to fight for a dream...
Easy is to show victory.
Difficult is to assume defeat with dignity...
Easy is to admire a full moon.
Difficult to see the other side...
Easy is to stumble with a stone.
Difficult is to get up...
Easy is to enjoy life every day.
Difficult to give its real value...
Easy is to promise something to someone.
Difficult is to fulfill that promise...
Easy is to say we love.
Difficult is to show it every day...
Easy is to criticize others.
Difficult is to improve oneself...
Easy is to make mistakes.
Difficult is to learn from them...
Easy is to weep for a lost love.
Difficult is to take care of it so not to lose it.
Easy is to think about improving.
Difficult is to stop thinking it and put it into action...
Easy is to think bad of others
Difficult is to give them the benefit of the doubt...
Easy is to receive
Difficult is to give
Easy to read this
Difficult to follow
Easy is keep the friendship with words
Difficult is to keep it with meanings.

Oral Rehydration Solutions (ORS)

Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) are widely considered to be the best method for combating the dehydration caused by diarrhea. They consist of a solution of salts and other substances, such as glucose, sucrose or molasses, and are taken orally.

ORS are often used in poorer nations as an inexpensive way of reducing the millions of deaths caused each year by diarrhea. Hikers and backpackers also often carry packaged oral rehydration salts that can be mixed with water in case of diarrhea when in the back country. ORS are often helpful for traveler's diarrhea. Packaged ORS can be found in many sporting stores that sell hiking gear.

If you are unable to locate the pre-mixed formula and you have the right ingredients, you can make your own ORS. The following recipes rely on exact proportions of salt and sugar, so use a measuring spoon. Too much or too little salt or sugar can have serious consequences, especially in infants and children, when replacing diarrhea fluid loss.

* For Children
* For Adults

For Children

There are commercially available solutions for children such as Pedialyte, Ricelyte, etc.

Parents can also make their own by mixing the following:

* 1 liter/quart of purified water
* 1/2 teaspoon of table salt
* 1/2 teaspoon of baking soda
* 8 teaspoons of sugar or 2 teaspoons of Karo syrup
* 1/4 teaspoon of salt substitute (provides potassium)

or (food based):

* 1 liter/quart of purified water
* 8 ounces (approximately 1/2 pound) of mashed potatoes, boiled and cooled
* 1/2 teaspoon of table salt
* 1/4 teaspoon of salt substitute (provides potassium)

Start with small volumes given by teaspoon every 15 to 20 minutes. The volume can be increased as tolerated by the child. During the first four to six hours, a one-year-old child should use at least 4 ounces per hour (two tablespoons equals one ounce). After the initial four hours, the one-year-old child (about 22 pounds) should take about 1/2 cup of ORS per diarrheal stool, in addition to routine amounts of fluids. Infants should take less.

In the initial four to six hours, older children should take about 3/4 to 1 1/2 ounces for each pound (that's 8 ounces per hour for a 40-pound child) as tolerated. After that, 1/2 to 1 cup of ORS per diarrheal stool is recommended.
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For Adults


Adults can also make their own electrolyte replacement drinks with a formula from the U.S. Public Health Service. Sip alternately from each glass below until you quench your thirst.

Glass 1:
# 8 ounces of orange, apple or other pure water fruit juice (for potassium); 1/2 teaspoon of honey or corn syrup (for glucose, which is necessary for absorption of salts); and 1/4 teaspoon of table salt.

Glass 2:
# 8 ounces of pure water plus 1/4 teaspoon of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate).

If fruit juice is unavailable or can't be tolerated, cream of tartar is an alternative source of potassium that you can use as follows:

* 1 quart of water with 1 teaspoon of baking soda
* 1 tablespoon of corn syrup
* 4 teaspoon of cream of tartar

2003. Used by permission. Gary R. Fujimoto, M.D.; Marc R. Robin, ANP; and Bradford L. Dessery. The Traveler's Medical Guide. Prairie Smoke Press.

Improved formula for oral rehydration salts to save children’s lives

Improved formula means better treatment for life-threatening diarrhoeal dehydration

23 MARCH 2006 | NEW YORK/GENEVA -- The World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF today announced a new formula for the manufacture of Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS). The new formula will better combat acute diarrhoeal disease and advance the Millennium Development Goal of reducing child mortality by two-thirds before 2015.

Diarrhoea is currently the second leading cause of child deaths and kills 1.9 million young children every year, mostly from dehydration.

The latest improved ORS formula contains less glucose and sodium (245 mOsm/l compared with the previous 311 mOsm/l). The lower concentration of the new formula allows for quicker absorption of fluids, reducing the need for intravenous fluids and making it easier to treat children with acute non-cholera diarrhoea without hospitalization.

ORS use is the simplest, most effective and cheapest way to keep children alive during severe episodes of diarrhoea. The ORS solution is absorbed in the small intestine, thus replacing the water and electrolytes lost. WHO provides the only updated international quality specifications for this formula and UNICEF is a leading supplier of ORS to poor countries. WHO and UNICEF have jointly issued guidance for the production of the new ORS.

WHO and UNICEF recommend that countries manufacture and use the new ORS in place of the previous formula. WHO and UNICEF will help national authorities develop manufacturing guidelines and procedures for the new formula. Establishing the local production of ORS will be a key step to ensure countries can meet their own needs in controlling diarrhoeal disease.

According to UNICEF and WHO, oral rehydration therapy should be combined with guidance on appropriate feeding practices. Provision of zinc supplements (20 mg of zinc per day for 10 to 14 days) and continued breastfeeding during acute episodes of diarrhoea protect against dehydration and reduces protein and calorie consumption to have the greatest impact on reducing diarrhoea and malnutrition in children.

The revised monograph for the new ORS formula will be published in the fourth edition of The International Pharmacopoeia. It is also available on the WHO website.

Additional information on diarrhoea can be found on UNICEF's Facts for Life website and on the WHO Child and Adolescent Health web site

Detailed recommendations concerning the provision and production of ORS are provided in a revised joint WHO/UNICEF publication, 'Oral Rehydration Salts: Production of the New ORS'.

For more information contact:

Daniela Bagozzi
Communications Officer, WHO
Telephone: +41 22 791 4544
Mobile phone: +41 79 475 5490
E-mail: bagozzid@who.int

Claire Hajaj
Media Officer, UNICEF New York
Telephone: +1 212 326 7566
E-mail: chajaj@unicef.org

Questions on Solutions made at Home

Q. How do I measure the Salt and Sugar?

Different countries and different communities use various methods for measuring the salt and sugar.
• Finger pinch and hand measuring, and the use of local teaspoons can be taught successfully.
• A plastic measuring spoon is available from Teaching Aids at Low Cost (TALC) with proportions to make up 200 ml of sugar/salt solution.
Whatever method is used, people need to be carefully instructed in how to mix and use the solutions.

Do not use too much salt. If the solution has too much salt the child may refuse to drink it. Also, too much salt can, in extreme cases, cause convulsions. Too little salt does no harm but is less effective in preventing dehydration.

A rough guide to the amount of salt is that the solution should taste no saltier than tears.


Q. How much solution do I feed?

Feed after every loose motion.

Adults and large children should drink at least 3 quarts or liters of ORS a day until they are well.

Each Feeding:
• For a child under the age of two
Between a quarter and a half of a large cup
• For older children
Between a half and a whole large cup
For Severe Dehydration:

Drink sips of the ORS (or give the ORS solution to the conscious dehydrated person) every 5 minutes until urination becomes normal. (It's normal to urinate four or five times a day.)


Q. How do I feed the solution?
• Give it slowly, preferably with a teaspoon.
• If the child vomits it, give it again.
The drink should be given from a cup (feeding bottles are difficult to clean properly). Remember to feed sips of the liquid slowly.


Q. What if the child vomits?

If the child vomits, wait for ten minutes and then begin again. Continue to try to feed the drink to the child slowly, small sips at a time.

The body will retain some of the fluids and salts needed even though there is vomiting.


Q. For how long do I feed the liquids?

Extra liquids should be given until the diarrhoea has stopped. This will usually take between three and five days.


Q. How do I store the ORS solution?

Store the liquid in a cool place. Chilling the ORS may help. If the child still needs ORS after 24 hours, make a fresh solution.

10 Things you should know about Rehydrating a child.
1. Wash your hands with soap and water before preparing solution.
2. Prepare a solution, in a clean pot, by mixing

- one teaspoon salt and 8 teaspoons sugar
or
- 1 packet of Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS)
- with one litre of clean drinking or boiled water (after cooled)

Stir the mixture till all the contents dissolve.
3. Wash your hands and the baby's hands with soap and water before feeding solution.
4. Give the sick child as much of the solution as it needs, in small amounts frequently.
5. Give child alternately other fluids - such as breast milk and juices.
6. Continue to give solids if child is four months or older.
7. If the child still needs ORS after 24 hours, make a fresh solution.
8. ORS does not stop diarrhoea. It prevents the body from drying up. The diarrhoea will stop by itself.
9. If child vomits, wait ten minutes and give it ORS again. Usually vomiting will stop.
10. If diarrhoea increases and /or vomiting persists, take child over to a health clinic.

The "simple solution" Home made ORS recipe

Preparing a 1 (one) litre oral rehydration solution [ORS] using Salt, Sugar and Water at Home

Mix an oral rehydration solution using one of the following recipes; depending on ingredients and container availability:

Ingredients:
• one level teaspoon of salt
• eight level teaspoons of sugar
• one litre of clean drinking or boiled water and then cooled
5 cupfuls (each cup about 200 ml.)
Preparation Method:
• Stir the mixture till the salt and sugar dissolve.



An efficient and effective homemade remedy to be used when watery diarrhea strikes and is a good substitute for oral rehydration salts

Ingredients:
• 1/2 to 1 cup precooked baby rice cereal or 1½ tablespoons of granulated sugar
• 2 cups of water
• 1/2 tsp. salt
Instructions:
Mix well the rice cereal (or sugar), water, and salt together until the mixture thickens but is not too thick to drink.

Give the mixture often by spoon and offer the child as much as he or she will accept (every minute if the child will take it).

Continue giving the mixture with the goal of replacing the fluid lost: one cup lost, give a cup. Even if the child is vomiting, the mixture can be offered in small amounts (2-1 tsp.) every few minutes or so.
• Banana or other non-sweetened mashed fruit can help provide potassium.

• Continue feeding children when they are sick and to continue breastfeeding if the child is being breastfed.

Thanks.
http://rehydrate.org

Oral Rehydration Solutions (ORS)

Oral Rehydration Solutions: Made at Home
(The most effective, least expensive way to manage diarrhoeal dehydration.)

The "simple solution" Do-It-Yourself .... Encouraging self-reliance
• Recipe for home-made salt and sugar solutions
• Questions on Solutions made at home
• 10 Things you should know about Rehydrating a child
Off page link
The Special Spoon from TALC - Teaching-aids At Low Cost
Download Instruction Guides in English and Creole
Thanks to Charles R. Staubs, D.O. and Jean Michelet

• Home made Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) for treating dehydration caused by diarrhoea
To prevent too much liquid being lost from the child's body, an effective oral rehydration solution can be made using ingredients found in almost every household. One of these drinks should be given to the child every time a watery stool is passed.

Ideally these drinks (preferably those that have been boiled) should contain:
• starches and/or sugars as a source of glucose and energy,
• some sodium and
• preferably some potassium.
The following traditional remedies make highly effective oral rehydration solutions and are suitable drinks to prevent a child from losing too much liquid during diarrhoea:
• Breastmilk
• Gruels (diluted mixtures of cooked cereals and water)
• Carrot Soup
• Rice water - congee
A very suitable and effective simple solution for rehydrating a child can also be made by using salt and sugar, if these ingredients are available.

If possible, add 1/2 cup orange juice or some mashed banana to improve the taste and provide some potassium.

Molasses and other forms of raw sugar can be used instead of white sugar, and these contain more potassium than white sugar.
If none of these drinks is available, other alternatives are:
• Fresh fruit juice
• Weak tea
• Green coconut water
If nothing else is available, give
• water from the cleanest possible source
(if possible brought to the boil and then cooled).

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka (English pronunciation: /sriˈlɑːŋkə/, sriˈlæŋkə, or ʃriˈlɑːŋkə;[8][9] local pronunciation: [ˌɕriːˈlaŋkaː]; Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Tamil: இலங்கை), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka and known as Ceylon (/sɪˈlɒn/) before 1972, is an island country in South Asia, located about 31 kilometres (19.3 mi) off the southern coast of India, a nation with which it shares common culture, language and religion.

As a result of its location in the path of major sea routes, Sri Lanka is a strategic naval link between West Asia and South East Asia.[citation needed] It has also been a center of the Buddhist religion and culture from ancient times and is one of the few remaining abodes of Buddhism in South Asia, including Ladakh, Bhutan and the Chittagong Hill Tracts, as well as being a bastion of Hinduism.[10] The Sinhalese community forms the majority of the population; Tamils, who are concentrated in the north and east of the island, form the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include Moors, Burghers, Kaffirs, Malays and the indigenous Vedda people.

The country is famous for the production and export of tea, coffee, coconuts, rubber and cinnamon - which is native to the country.[11] The natural beauty of Sri Lanka's tropical forests, beaches and landscape, as well as its rich cultural heritage, make it a world famous tourist destination.[citation needed] The island also boasts the first female Prime Minister in the modern world, Sirimavo Bandaranaike.[12]

After over two thousand years of rule by local kingdoms, parts of Sri Lanka were colonized by Portugal and the Netherlands beginning in the 16th century, before control of the entire country was ceded to the British Empire in 1815.[citation needed] During World War II, Sri Lanka served as an important base for Allied forces in the fight against the Japanese Empire.[13] A nationalist political movement arose in the country in the early 20th century with the aim of obtaining political independence, which was eventually granted by the British after peaceful negotiations in 1948.

About Islam

Islam (Arabic: الإسلام‎ al-’islām, pronounced [ʔislæːm] ( listen)[note 1]) is the Abrahamic religion articulated by the Qur’an, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of the one, incomparable God (Arabic: الله‎, Allāh), and by the Prophet of Islam Muhammad's habits and usual practises (in Arabic called the Sunnah, demonstrated in collections of Hadith). Islam literally means "submission (to God)."[1] Muslim, the word for an adherent of Islam, is the active participle of the same verb of which Islām is the infinitive (see Islam (term)).[2][3]

Muslims regard their religion as the completed and universal version of a primordial, monotheistic faith revealed at many times and places before, including, notably, to the prophets Abraham, Moses and Jesus. Islamic tradition holds that previous messages and revelations have been changed and distorted over time.[4] Religious practices include the Five Pillars of Islam, which are five obligatory acts of worship.[5] Islamic law (Arabic: شريعة Šarīʿah) touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, encompassing everything from banking and warfare to welfare and the environment.[6]
Islam is the predominant religion in the Middle East, North Africa, and large parts of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.[8] Sizable communities are also found in China and Russia, and parts of the Balkans. About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia, the largest Muslim country,[9] 31% in the Indian Subcontinent,[9] and 20% in Arab countries.[10] Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world. With approximately 1.5 billion Muslims[11] (see Islam by country), Islam is the second-largest religion in the world and arguably the fastest growing religion in the world.[12][13][14][15][16]

for more details visit..
01.Tamil Islam
02.Readislam
03.IRF
04.Idhuthan Islam
05.It-is-truth?
06.IFT Chennai
07.Usc
08.TamililQuran
09.Islam online
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11.Islamtoday
12.Geocities ThiruQuran
13.Alharamain
14.Geocities Tamil Quraan
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16.Meelparvai
17.islamIC Quesions and Answers
18.Ungal Islam
19.Rahmath
20.Islamiya dawa
21.Islam kalvi
22.Witness-pioneer

Aikido

Aikido (合気道, aikidō?) is a Japanese martial art developed by Morihei Ueshiba as a synthesis of his martial studies, philosophy, and religious beliefs. Aikido is often translated as "the Way of unifying (with) life energy"[1] or as "the Way of harmonious spirit."[2] Ueshiba's goal was to create an art that practitioners could use to defend themselves while also protecting their attacker from injury.

Aikido is performed by blending with the motion of the attacker and redirecting the force of the attack rather than opposing it head-on. This requires very little physical strength, as the aikidōka (aikido practitioner) "leads" the attacker's momentum using entering and turning movements. The techniques are completed with various throws or joint locks.[3] Aikido can be categorized under the general umbrella of grappling arts.

Aikido derives mainly from the martial art of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu, but began to diverge from it in the late 1920s, partly due to Ueshiba's involvement with the Ōmoto-kyō religion. Ueshiba's early students' documents bear the term aiki-jūjutsu.[4] Many of Ueshiba's senior students have different approaches to aikido, depending on when they studied with him. Today aikido is found all over the world in a number of styles, with broad ranges of interpretation and emphasis. However, they all share techniques learned from Ueshiba and most have concern for the well-being of the attacker.

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